When users read documentation, cognitive load is the mental effort required to understand, navigate, and apply the content. If documentation overwhelms users, they struggle to learn or complete tasks, even if the information is correct.
Types of Cognitive Loads:
- Intrinsic Load
- Extraneous Load
- Germane Load
How to Reduce Cognitive Load
| Strategy | Benefit |
|---|---|
| Task-based structure | Users find what they need faster |
| Short sentences + plain language | Less working-memory strain |
| Consistent UI terminology | Reduces mental translation |
| Consistent Patterns & Templates | Predictable structure reduces cognitive effort |
| Good code samples | Show solutions instead of users having to infer |
| Summaries and visual aids | Help build mental models |
| Break content into chunks | Easier to digest |
| Group related information together | Reduces search effort |
Intrinsic Load
The difficulty of the subject itself. Some topics are naturally complex. Good docs break down concepts into manageable chunks to prevent overload.
Solution:
- Progressive disclosure (start simple, add complexity)
- Clear prerequisites and concepts list
Extraneous Load
Confusion caused by the doc design. This is the most harmful type in documentation.
Sources of extraneous load:
- Dense walls of text with no visual hierarchy
- Poor information architecture and navigation
- Inconsistent terminology across documents
- Missing context or prerequisites
- Overwhelming users with all the information at once
- Complex sentences and technical jargon overload
Solution:
- Visual hierarchy (headings, lists, callouts)
- Inline examples near the explanation they support
- Reducing wordiness and jargon
Germane Load
Effort that supports learning. This is the good type of mental effort, making connections and gaining mastery.
Solution:
- Provide relevant examples that help users understand concepts
- Use analogies that connect to familiar ideas
- Give users practice opportunities
- Diagrams and mental models
- Show how different pieces fit together